Spontaneous crystals of krieselite (Ge analogue of topaz) with the chemical formula Al2(F1.63OH0.37) were synthesized using a thermo-gradient hydrothermal method at a temperature of 600/650 ☌ and pressure of 100 MPa. This paper has enriched the gemological characteristics of topaz and can provide theoretical data for the research and marketization of topaz.

The inclusions in yellow topaz samples are mainly fluid inclusions, healing cracks, and albite. The results of XRF and EMPA showed that the contents of Al2O3 and SiO2 in the samples were 52.79 (wt%) and 29.55 (wt%), respectively, and it was reasonable to speculate that the chromogenic element of the yellow color was iron. The UV-vis spectra of all samples only had strong absorption bands in the range of 200–300 nm. The characteristic absorption peaks for Raman spectra are mainly at 937, 404, and 267 cm−1. The infrared spectral characteristic absorption peaks of yellow topaz mainly appear near 3649, 3426, 950, 628, 550, and 457 cm−1. The topaz sample has columnar crystal shape and a typical rhomboid cross section. The results show that the yellow topaz has a glassy luster, transparent, with a refractive index of 1.609–1.617 and a birefringence of 0.008. In this paper, the composition, spectral, and gemological characteristics of yellow topaz were systematically characterized, and the dark inclusions inside the samples were discussed and analyzed. Because of its wide distribution and rich colors, it has attracted the attention of scholars around the world. Topaz is a kind of mineral with variable composition and a common gemstone variety. Our results lead to the conclusion that, blue color of the Co diffused topaz is arising by spin-allowed electronic transitions of Co 2+ ions in tetrahedral site of topaz matrix through substitution of Si 4+ ions. In case of Co diffused topaz, one additional new broader IR absorption peak was noticed around 6640 cm-1 presumably arising by optical transitions of 4 A2 → 4 T1 in Co 2+ (4 F). The UV-Vis spectrum of Co diffused blue topaz gave three absorption peaks at 556, 588, and 627 nm corresponding to three spin-allowed electronic transitions of Co 2+ ion in teterahedaral coordination. The EPMA analysis showed that the Co concentration in the diffused sample varied from 0.001 wt% to 0.027 wt% while colorless topaz showed <0.001 wt%. The results clearly indicated that the optimum condition for Co diffusion in Sri Lankan topaz is 950℃ for 11 h. Chemical analysis, UV-Vis absorption spectrum, infrared absorption spectra, and Raman peaks of diffused and non-diffused topaz were tested. The diffusion agent was prepared by mixing CoCO3 with Na2CO3, CaCO3 and carbon powder and diffusion was carried-out by varying the temperature and soaking time.

In this study, optimum conditions suitable for Cobalt diffusion in Sri Lankan colorless topaz were investigated and coloration mechanism was elucidated. Currently, blue color is obtained by cobalt diffusion due to drawbacks in existing coloration methods. Convenient workflow, flexible import and export.Most of natural topaz is colorless thus, methods of color enhancement are widely used for coloring this mineral.Naturally enhance video quality without facing issues.High quality and advanced features and tools.

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Topaz detail 3 before and after